Takeaway
Smoking status, but not vitamin D deficiency or obesity, can affect brain damage in early multiple sclerosis (MS).
Why this matters
Previous studies have demonstrated a link between modifiable risk factors – such as smoking status, vitamin D deficiency, and obesity – and MS rates, prognosis, and clinical outcomes.
The effect of these modifiable risk factors on lesion burden and brain volume is unknown and understanding this effect may improve clinical outcomes.